The substance Coenzyme Q10Coenzyme Q10 molecules are fat-soluble molecules that are both synthesized in the body and ingested in the diet and in supplements. Coenzyme Q10 is synthesized in the body in the same biological pathway as cholesterol. Bio-synthesis of Coenzyme Q10 begins to decline once humans reach their adult years. The reduced production of Coenzyme Q10 cannot be compensated in any practical... More has many properties that make it a logical nutritional supplement for athletes in training and for normal healthy people who exercise to stay fit. Coenzyme Q10Coenzyme Q10 molecules are fat-soluble molecules that are both synthesized in the body and ingested in the diet and in supplements. Coenzyme Q10 is synthesized in the body in the same biological pathway as cholesterol. Bio-synthesis of Coenzyme Q10 begins to decline once humans reach their adult years. The reduced production of Coenzyme Q10 cannot be compensated in any practical... More supplements should help to improve exercise capacity and reduce the oxidative stress, muscle damage, and inflammationInflammation is an immune system response to an injury to cells or tissues. It is the body’s attempt to defend against invaders such as bacteria andviruses and to mend the damage done by invaders. Typically, inflammation manifests itself in the form of fever and swelling, in the swarming of white blood cells and the release of cytokines to fight against... More caused by strenuous exercise [Sarmiento].
- The oxidized form of Coenzyme Q10Coenzyme Q10 molecules are fat-soluble molecules that are both synthesized in the body and ingested in the diet and in supplements. Coenzyme Q10 is synthesized in the body in the same biological pathway as cholesterol. Bio-synthesis of Coenzyme Q10 begins to decline once humans reach their adult years. The reduced production of Coenzyme Q10 cannot be compensated in any practical... More – ubiquinoneUbiquinone, the oxidized form of Coenzyme Q10, expressed as Q10 or CoQ10, is absolutely essential for the mitochondrial ATP energy production process. Ubiquinone is the form of Coenzyme Q10 that the body synthesizes, and ubiquinone is the form of Coenzyme Q10 that has been extensively tested for safety, absorption, and efficacy in clinical trials. More – is essential for cellular production of ATPATP (adenosine triphosphate) molecules are the high-energy molecules with easily broken phosphate bonds that release energy to the energy-requiring processes in the cells. Coenzyme Q10 is essential to the process of ATP production. More energy [Littarru].
- The reduced form of Coenzyme Q10Coenzyme Q10 molecules are fat-soluble molecules that are both synthesized in the body and ingested in the diet and in supplements. Coenzyme Q10 is synthesized in the body in the same biological pathway as cholesterol. Bio-synthesis of Coenzyme Q10 begins to decline once humans reach their adult years. The reduced production of Coenzyme Q10 cannot be compensated in any practical... More – ubiquinol – is an important fat-soluble antioxidantAntioxidants are substances that protect the cells and lipoproteins against the harmful effects of free radicals. They are substances that prevent the oxidation of other molecules and compounds. There are two broad categories of antioxidants: enzymatic and non-enzymatic. Non-enzymatic antioxidants are substances like Coenzyme Q10, vitamin C, vitamin E, glutathione, and various carotenoids. Prominent enzymatic antioxidants include catalase, glutathione peroxidase,... More protecting the cells and the mitochondriaThe mitochondria are the bean-shaped organelles in the cells. They are the key organelles with responsibility for the production of ATP energy molecules. More (and proteins and DNA) against the damage caused by harmful free radicalsFree radicals are unstable and highly reactive molecules that are produced in the body during normal oxygen metabolism. Free radicals derived from oxygen are known as reactive oxygen species. Free radicals play both helpful and harmful roles in the body. Free radicals steal electrons from other substances in order to become stable. In so doing, the free radicals oxidize those... More [Bentinger].
- Coenzyme Q10Coenzyme Q10 molecules are fat-soluble molecules that are both synthesized in the body and ingested in the diet and in supplements. Coenzyme Q10 is synthesized in the body in the same biological pathway as cholesterol. Bio-synthesis of Coenzyme Q10 begins to decline once humans reach their adult years. The reduced production of Coenzyme Q10 cannot be compensated in any practical... More promotes good endothelial function in the blood vessels [Belardinelli].
- Coenzyme Q10Coenzyme Q10 molecules are fat-soluble molecules that are both synthesized in the body and ingested in the diet and in supplements. Coenzyme Q10 is synthesized in the body in the same biological pathway as cholesterol. Bio-synthesis of Coenzyme Q10 begins to decline once humans reach their adult years. The reduced production of Coenzyme Q10 cannot be compensated in any practical... More supplementation is associated with reduced levels of bio-markers for inflammationInflammation is an immune system response to an injury to cells or tissues. It is the body’s attempt to defend against invaders such as bacteria andviruses and to mend the damage done by invaders. Typically, inflammation manifests itself in the form of fever and swelling, in the swarming of white blood cells and the release of cytokines to fight against... More [Fan; Zhai].
- Starting in our 20s, the bio-synthesis of Coenzyme Q10Coenzyme Q10 molecules are fat-soluble molecules that are both synthesized in the body and ingested in the diet and in supplements. Coenzyme Q10 is synthesized in the body in the same biological pathway as cholesterol. Bio-synthesis of Coenzyme Q10 begins to decline once humans reach their adult years. The reduced production of Coenzyme Q10 cannot be compensated in any practical... More declines with increasing age; thus, the need for CoQ10 supplements [Kalén].
CoQ10 and Exercise Study Results Inconsistent
But nothing is ever as straightforward as it seems. Until now (February 2020), the results from intervention studies of Coenzyme Q10Coenzyme Q10 molecules are fat-soluble molecules that are both synthesized in the body and ingested in the diet and in supplements. Coenzyme Q10 is synthesized in the body in the same biological pathway as cholesterol. Bio-synthesis of Coenzyme Q10 begins to decline once humans reach their adult years. The reduced production of Coenzyme Q10 cannot be compensated in any practical... More supplementation of athletes and healthy people taking exercise have not been as solid as the results from CoQ10 adjuvant treatment in other conditions have been:
- Chronic heart failureThe Mayo Clinic defines heart failure, also known as congestive heart failure and/or chronic heart failure, as the failure of the heart muscle to pump blood to the body adequately. In other words, heart failure is not a heart attack, and it is not death from heart disease, which its name might seem to imply. Heart failure is a condition... More: Q-Symbio StudyQ-Symbio is the abbreviated name for the two-year multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of Coenzyme Q10 supplements as an adjunct treatment of chronic heart failure patients. The name reflects the focus of the study on the SYMptoms, BIomarker status (BNP), and long-term Outcomes (hospitalizations and mortality) of the supplementation. The data from the Q-Symbio study show that long-term supplementation with... More [Mortensen]
- Senior citizens: KiSel-10 StudyIn the KiSel-10 study, 443 Swedish citizens aged 70 to 88 received either a combined daily supplementation of high-selenium yeast and Coenzyme Q10 or matching placebos. The elderly Swedish citizens who received the active treatment of selenium and Coenzyme Q10 had significantly reduced risk of death from heart disease, significantly better heart function as recorded on echocardiograms, and significantly lower... More [Alehagen]
- Gulf War illness: San Diego Study [Golomb]
- Heart surgery: Perioperative Metabolic Therapy Study [Leong]
Part of the problem with the CoQ10 and exercise studies has been the considerable differences in the studies [Sarmiento]:
- different CoQ10 formulations and dosages
- different supplementation durations
- different types of exercise tests (strenuous vs endurance)
- different types of participants (athletes or non-athletes)
- different exercise outcomes (performance outcomes or recovery outcomes)
Coenzyme Q10 and Exercise Study Results – Performance
Four studies have shown a positive effect of CoQ10 supplementation on performance.
The Ylikoski Study of Elite Cross-country Skiers
Finnish researchers assigned 25 elite national-level cross-country skiers to take 90 milligrams of Coenzyme Q10Coenzyme Q10 molecules are fat-soluble molecules that are both synthesized in the body and ingested in the diet and in supplements. Coenzyme Q10 is synthesized in the body in the same biological pathway as cholesterol. Bio-synthesis of Coenzyme Q10 begins to decline once humans reach their adult years. The reduced production of Coenzyme Q10 cannot be compensated in any practical... More or placebo daily for six weeks and then to cross over, following a washout period, to six weeks of supplementation with the opposite product, either the verum CoQ10 or the placebo [Ylikoski].
-The 90 mg/day CoQ10 supplementation increased the skiers’ plasma CoQ10 levels significantly from 0.8 to 2.8 micrograms per milliliter [Ylikoski].
-The CoQ10 supplementation had a positive effect on the skiers’ aerobic and anaerobic capacity as shown in the results of a test that involved pole walking on a tread-mill until exhaustion [Sarmiento].
The Alf Study of Olympic Athletes
German researchers randomly assigned elite athletes in training for the 2012 Olympic Games to an experimental group (n=50) taking 300 milligrams of ubiquinol, the reduced form of Coenzyme Q10Coenzyme Q10 molecules are fat-soluble molecules that are both synthesized in the body and ingested in the diet and in supplements. Coenzyme Q10 is synthesized in the body in the same biological pathway as cholesterol. Bio-synthesis of Coenzyme Q10 begins to decline once humans reach their adult years. The reduced production of Coenzyme Q10 cannot be compensated in any practical... More, and to a placebo control group (n=48) daily for six weeks. The athletes participating in the study represented various fields of endeavor: canoe, rowing, swimming, hockey, golf, track and field [Alf].
The CoQ10 supplementation, compared to placebo supplementation, resulted in increased short-term maximum performance (i.e. increased anaerobic output). The researchers suggested that the increased in performance could be attributed to an increase in ATPATP (adenosine triphosphate) molecules are the high-energy molecules with easily broken phosphate bonds that release energy to the energy-requiring processes in the cells. Coenzyme Q10 is essential to the process of ATP production. More production. More Coenzyme Q10Coenzyme Q10 molecules are fat-soluble molecules that are both synthesized in the body and ingested in the diet and in supplements. Coenzyme Q10 is synthesized in the body in the same biological pathway as cholesterol. Bio-synthesis of Coenzyme Q10 begins to decline once humans reach their adult years. The reduced production of Coenzyme Q10 cannot be compensated in any practical... More (from supplementation) in the mitochondriaThe mitochondria are the bean-shaped organelles in the cells. They are the key organelles with responsibility for the production of ATP energy molecules. More contributes to increased ATPATP (adenosine triphosphate) molecules are the high-energy molecules with easily broken phosphate bonds that release energy to the energy-requiring processes in the cells. Coenzyme Q10 is essential to the process of ATP production. More synthesis [Alf].
The Mizuno Study of Healthy Untrained Individuals
Japanese researchers randomly assigned 17 healthy volunteers to either oral Coenzyme Q10Coenzyme Q10 molecules are fat-soluble molecules that are both synthesized in the body and ingested in the diet and in supplements. Coenzyme Q10 is synthesized in the body in the same biological pathway as cholesterol. Bio-synthesis of Coenzyme Q10 begins to decline once humans reach their adult years. The reduced production of Coenzyme Q10 cannot be compensated in any practical... More (100 or 300 mg/day) or placebo administration for 8 days. The volunteers in the 300-milligram/day group had a significantly greater change in maximum velocity from the 30-minute trial to the 210-minute trial. The researchers concluded that the CoQ10 supplementation improved aerobic capacity and physical performance compared to placebo supplementation [Mizuno].
The Cooke Study of Both Trained and Untrained Individuals
American researchers randomly assigned 22 aerobically trained and 19 untrained male and female individuals to take either 100 milligrams of a dextrose placebo or a CoQ10 supplement twice a day for 14 days. The 14-day CoQ10 supplementation increased plasma CoQ10 concentrations and tended to increase time to exhaustion [Cooke].
Coenzyme Q10 and Exercise Study Results – Self-Reports
Mizuno et al. reported an improvement in subjective fatigue measured on a visual scale in the 300 mg/day CoQl0 group of healthy untrained Japanese volunteers after the fatigue-inducing physical task and recovery period [Sarmiento].
Porter et al. reported an increased feeling of vigor while resting condition, also using a visual scale, in an American study enrolling 15 middle-aged untrained men [Sarmiento].
Ylikoski et al reported that elite Finnish cross-country skiers felt that CoQl0 supplementation had either a clearly positive effect (72%) or a slight benefit (22%) in both exercise performance and recovery time [Sarmiento].
CoQ10 Effect on Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Muscle Damage
The Diaz-Castro Study of Highly Trained Endurance Runners
Diaz-Castro et al [2012] randomly assigned Spanish male amateur athletes who were highly trained and who performed regular exercise on a daily basis to a CoQ10 group or a placebo group. The researchers tested the athletes on an endurance run of 5.5 hours’ duration in terrain that involved running on an almost continuous incline.
The CoQ10 supplementation during exercise was efficient at reducing signs of oxidative stress and at preventing the over-expression of inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. Moreover, CoQ10 supplementation reduced creatinine production. (Note: creatinine is a waste product produced by muscles’ working.)
The researchers concluded that CoQ10 supplementation before strenuous exercise decreases the extent of oxidative stress and modulates the inflammatory signaling, thus reducing the subsequent muscle damage.
The Kon Study of Elite Kendo Athletes
Kon et al [2008] randomly assigned 18 Japanese male elite kendo athletes to either a CoQ10 group (n=10) or a placebo group (n=8). The athletes in the CoQ10 group took 300 milligrams of Coenzyme Q10Coenzyme Q10 molecules are fat-soluble molecules that are both synthesized in the body and ingested in the diet and in supplements. Coenzyme Q10 is synthesized in the body in the same biological pathway as cholesterol. Bio-synthesis of Coenzyme Q10 begins to decline once humans reach their adult years. The reduced production of Coenzyme Q10 cannot be compensated in any practical... More daily for 20 days. All athletes practiced kendo 5.5 hours per day for 6 days during the experimental period.
Analysis of blood samples taken 2 weeks before the training, during the training (1st day, 3rd day, and 5th day d, 3 d, 5 d), and one week after the training indicated that CoQ10 supplementation reduced exercise-induced muscular injury in athletes.
The results of other studies of the effect of CoQ10 supplementation on oxidative stress, inflammationInflammation is an immune system response to an injury to cells or tissues. It is the body’s attempt to defend against invaders such as bacteria andviruses and to mend the damage done by invaders. Typically, inflammation manifests itself in the form of fever and swelling, in the swarming of white blood cells and the release of cytokines to fight against... More, and muscle damage have been inconclusive. In many cases, the lack of a conclusive result may be due to the use of formulations, dosages, and tests of strength or endurance training than were used in the Diaz-Castro and Kon studies.
Conclusion: Coenzyme Q10 and Exercise and Training
There have not been many studies done of the effect of CoQ10 supplementation on physical performance and recovery in healthy individuals. The studies that have been done have yielded inconsistent results and have been characterized by considerable heterogeneity.
Numerous factors can affect the outcome of Coenzyme Q10Coenzyme Q10 molecules are fat-soluble molecules that are both synthesized in the body and ingested in the diet and in supplements. Coenzyme Q10 is synthesized in the body in the same biological pathway as cholesterol. Bio-synthesis of Coenzyme Q10 begins to decline once humans reach their adult years. The reduced production of Coenzyme Q10 cannot be compensated in any practical... More and exercise studies:
- the sample size (relatively small number of study participants)
- the level of athletic training of the study participants
- the dosage and duration of the supplementation
- the formulation of the CoQ10 intervention preparation
- the exercise tests used to measure the effect of the intervention
- the age and diet of the study participants
In Spain, Dr. del Pozo-Cruz [2014] and a team of researchers led by Professors Navas and Lopez-Lluch have found an interesting age-related tendency between CoQ10 levels and physical activity. In younger people, they found that higher activity correlates with lower CoQ10 levels in plasma. In older adults, the ratio changed, and they found that higher activity was related to higher plasma CoQ10 levels and higher CoQ10/Cholesterol ratios.
Higher Q10 levels in plasma are related to lower lipid peroxidationOxidation is the chemical reaction of a substance with oxygen. Peroxidation is the extreme form of oxidation that results from free radicals’ stealing electrons from lipids, either in the cell membranes or in the lipoproteins. The final product of lipid peroxidation is highly reactive malondialdehyde, a bio-marker for oxidative stress and damage. More and lower oxidized LDLSee lipoproteins. levels in elderly people. Their results indicate that regular physical activity in old age can improve antioxidantAntioxidants are substances that protect the cells and lipoproteins against the harmful effects of free radicals. They are substances that prevent the oxidation of other molecules and compounds. There are two broad categories of antioxidants: enzymatic and non-enzymatic. Non-enzymatic antioxidants are substances like Coenzyme Q10, vitamin C, vitamin E, glutathione, and various carotenoids. Prominent enzymatic antioxidants include catalase, glutathione peroxidase,... More capacity in plasma and help to prevent cardiovascular diseases [del Pozo-Cruz].
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Zhai J, Bo Y, Lu Y, Liu C, & Zhang L. (2017). Effects of Coenzyme Q10Coenzyme Q10 molecules are fat-soluble molecules that are both synthesized in the body and ingested in the diet and in supplements. Coenzyme Q10 is synthesized in the body in the same biological pathway as cholesterol. Bio-synthesis of Coenzyme Q10 begins to decline once humans reach their adult years. The reduced production of Coenzyme Q10 cannot be compensated in any practical... More on Markers of InflammationInflammation is an immune system response to an injury to cells or tissues. It is the body’s attempt to defend against invaders such as bacteria andviruses and to mend the damage done by invaders. Typically, inflammation manifests itself in the form of fever and swelling, in the swarming of white blood cells and the release of cytokines to fight against... More: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Plos One, 12(1), e0170172.
The information presented in this review article is not intended as medical advice and should not be used as such.
17 February 2020
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